Massive bleeding is a leading cause of death. This often happens if not handled timely at the scene. Proper bleeding control techniques help save the victim’s life. At the same time, it maximizes the limitation of later complications. The following content is extracted from the First Aid and Emergency Training Material at the workplace (Decision No. 636/QĐ-BYT). The article provides a standard procedure for handling bleeding wounds.

Classification and assessment of bleeding status

Before first aid, a quick assessment of the wound is needed. We base this on the characteristics of the damaged blood vessels:

Capillary bleeding: This is the mildest form. Blood flows from small blood vessels, appearing bright red. Blood usually stops spontaneously after a short time or with light bandaging.

Venous bleeding: Blood is dark red. The flow is steady and slower than arterial bleeding. However, if a large vein is injured, blood can flow massively.

Arterial bleeding: This is the most dangerous condition. Bright red blood, spurting in jets, coinciding with the heartbeat. The victim is prone to shock due to acute blood loss. Immediate bleeding control is needed.

General handling principles

When approaching the victim, the first aider needs to adhere to the following principles:

1. Urgently control bleeding on the spot.
2. Perform the correct technique for each type of wound.
3. Replenish circulating volume if conditions allow.
4. Quickly transfer the victim to a medical facility.

Procedure for temporary bleeding control techniques

Depending on the location and severity of bleeding, apply the measures below:

1. Maximum Limb Flexion Measure

This is a simple method, doable immediately. Note: Do not perform if accompanied by fractures. The principle uses the flexed posture of the joint. Muscle masses will compress the artery to stop bleeding.

2. Arterial Compression Measure

Use fingers or a fist to press against the artery. The pressure point is above the wound (closer to the heart). This action compresses the artery against the bone base to block blood flow. This is an immediate measure while waiting for bandaging.

3. Pressure Bandage Technique

This is the most common method. Use gauze or a clean cloth to fully cover the wound. Then use a roller bandage to bind tightly. The pressure force will help control bleeding. Note not to bandage too tightly, causing cyanosis. Also, do not bandage too loosely, allowing blood to still flow.

4. Compression Pad Technique

This method uses a round, smooth object (pad). Place this object on the artery’s path or directly on the wound. Then bandage to fix the pad. This way helps maintain effective pressure force.

5. Packing Technique

This technique applies to wide-mouthed or deep wounds. It is also used for the neck and pelvic regions. The method is to stuff clean cloth or gauze deep into the wound. Then use a roller bandage to bind tightly on the outside.

6. Tourniquet Technique

A tourniquet is the last resort. Only used when a limb is naturally amputated. Or when pressure bandaging is ineffective. Also applied when there are too many victims and a lack of manpower. When applying a tourniquet, adhere to:

– Position: Large wounds are placed 5 cm from the edge. Small wounds are placed 2 cm away.
– Method: Tighten the strap just enough. Stop when blood is not seen flowing, and the pulse below does not beat.
– Marking: Must have a tracking slip recording date and time. Place the slip right on the victim’s chest. Pin a red cloth strip to the left shirt pocket to signal priority.
– Important: Only medical personnel are allowed to loosen the tourniquet. First aiders absolutely must not loosen it arbitrarily.

Transport and monitoring of the victim

After controlling bleeding, check for signs of shock. If shock is suspected, place the victim lying supine. The posture is head low, legs high. This posture helps blood return to the heart and brain better. Attention needs to be paid to keeping the victim warm.

Quickly call for medical support. Transfer the victim to the nearest medical facility. Always check pulse, breathing rate, and consciousness on the way. Timely first aid helps protect the life of the worker.

Ho Ngoc Ha – Center for Support & Continuing Education